International Business Plan for Medican (Canada) Essay

International Business Plan for Medican (Canada) - Essay Example Marketing plan includes the main aspect of market penetration such as: location, target audience, HR, product modification, advertising and promotion activities. The research suggests that the real value of strategic planning may be more in the future orientation of the planning process itself than in any resulting written strategic plan. The research also includes analysis of the financial data and recommendations for further market penetration of MediCan. Corporate Profile and Nature of the Business MediCan (fictitious company) is a manufacture and distributor of high-tech medical equipment. Medical equipment industry is one of the profitable industries today and, as predicted, in future. An industry with this kind of rapid change presents several challenges for medical equipment and, namely production costs, property owners, and monopolies. Customers and technology are the primary driving factors of this industry. Company profile The company was founded in 1913 in Calgary as a private owned business. In 1990, the company owners identified the need for simple, inexpensive and portable blood test equipment which could be marketed to the medical profession. A device was developed cheaply. Sales did not come easily at first, but the breakthrough came in March 1993 when the first electronic blood test was delivered to a hospital. With orders flowing in, the present company, MediCan concentrates on manufacturing and marketing the new electronic medical devices. More routine production had been relocated to a new factory near Calgary in response to local planning restrictions, and for many years it benefited from low wage rates and tax concessions. No tax was payable for the first five... From the report it is clear that MediCan is originated manufacture of the equipment and has all the rights of ownership. MediCan decides to penetrate into Asia market, and China was selected as the most promising country. The product for promotion is inexpensive and portable glucose test device for people with diabetics. This product combines the properties of high effective glucose test device with low cost production proposed by MediCan. As the essay states MediCan (fictitious company) is a manufacture and distributor of high-tech medical equipment. Medical equipment industry is one of the profitable industries today and, as predicted, in future. An industry with this kind of rapid change presents several challenges for medical equipment and, namely production costs, property owners, and monopolies. Customers and technology are the primary driving factors of this industry. The company sells high-tech medical equipment for hospitals and individual patients. The basic equipment is intended for laboratories, anesthesiology and dental equipment, monitors etc. During the late 1990s the company had expanded con ¬siderably and its blood test equipment is being used in 50 countries around the world in hospitals, general practices, company health-care services and specialist test ¬ing laboratories. It has five factories located around the country. A program to develop new technology was undertaken at 1990s. MediCan had ow n research department. In some years a new part-electronic blood test was developed.

Organizational Culture Model Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational Culture Model - Assignment Example Due to the company has laid down their model in such a way that they are able to accept change to occur. They deal with the market effect caused by competitors to ensure their superiority in the market. They produce ways to enter the market and ensure they stay in the market strongly and for longer. Second, the customer is highly respected by the company. Complaints from them dealt with the customer service and response given immediately so as to maintain the customer confidence in the market. The company allows the staff to interact with the customer this ensures that they are able to assess the progress and the customer response. The management team then designs solution to deal with the complaints. Third, the company has a policy that encourages teamwork. They create an environment that allows every employee to respect each other and deal with conflict in a way that no one is intimidating the other party. The policy allows people to mingle freely with the other their follow across the board the company policy of teamwork as made them be able to make calculated designs since they are able to meet an agreement due to the togetherness. The company has a set of rules that govern the staff. The rules are to be obeyed and followed them. Failure to follow it usually causes one to be punished. The image of the company is well protected in that this ethic of conduct was drafted to keep the workplace a professional area. All employees are able to read them and abide by them. Lastly, the company has invested in the empowerment of its own staff. They include them in design making. They have created a culture in which the staff feel part and parcel of the company. This allows the management to consider most information to be all members’ information. They are feed with very detailing concerning the company.  

The Concept Of Tourism Marketing Marketing Essay

The Concept Of Tourism Marketing Marketing Essay The 15 Cs framework was firstly developed by Fyall et al. In 2006 (Destination management: challenges and opportunities-2010 (press release)) to provide a suitable combination of key challenges facing the competitor of that destination marketing and management. But levels will be most important on different destinations. If there is a failure in one of challenges of destination marketing then it will affect the whole plan. The 15 Cs can be identified as: Complexity, Control, Culture, Competition, Commodification, Creativity, Communication, Channels, Cyberspace, Consolidation, Collaboration, Change, Crisis, Customers and Complacency. First we will go on with the complexity factor, were the destination product is not in the argument state and what remains is a discussion about that destination future, it will be more complex due to countless stakeholders from both internal and external or tourist. The complexity of the tourist destination should be taken in consideration with the consumer and community of that place for marketing of it. So, every individual consumers of that destination will have a point of view concerning that the tourist place is cleanly enclose bundle of suppliers as form the case of suppliers expectancy (Buhalis 2000). Control is very closely related to complexity the destination marketers have an inability to control the elements of destination product and also its destiny in market place (Scott, parfitt, and Laws-2000, p.202) the strategic approach should be strong to control the difficulties in coordination in marketing a destination as there are many ways of approaching as campaigns which can be conducted with the help of various tourists business with no public review on the available information. The developments are made to make tourism better in that destination. The power, resources, experience, mutual trust, and respect stand as a significant challenge for those destinations for tourism marketing in future (Ritchie Ritchie, 2002) The cultural factor is most important for both supply and demand in destination marketing. Due to change their will be cultural diversification between private and public sector on tourism destinations. As in change the two cultures will be working together for foreseeable future, the demand side is depends on means of destination what is required for development of tourism. The change can be found everywhere but it is the only one of its kind to the marketing and management of destinations and positively responding to change is increasing day by day. Changes can be in anything prices, commodities, transport, etc. The crises and fear of it is present everywhere across tourism industry on different destinations and as per their location they are impacted in positive or negative or direct or indirect manner it can be natural or manmade. An example we can take is terrorism happening all over world or tsunami. Complacency has changed because customers have other choices of destinations with same features. It increases the competition among organisations in tourism industry. Going on with the competition factor the competition among organisations is increasing and the destinations everywhere are in intense pressure to make their profit and growth from tourism in these difficult years. there is an increase in destination product and in tourist destination. As in European scenario there is a decrease in prices of airlines and other transport but it is beneficial for tourist who goes on that destination. The competition is at its intense level where the natural or manmade disaster occurred and then the population of tourist to that destination is decreased, because of this tourist started to choose secured destinations and for some time the competition in different regions is increased due to same supply of features and facilities. In commodification factor a competition become more intense the market gets crowded and then they become more challengeable and competitive to manage and do marketing of that destination organisation. Due to increase in tourists many destination shares similar facilities and selling point. In response, destination are needed to do hard work to avoid the ease with which they can substituted. One of the primary means from which substitution can be challenged is creativity approach the energetic and different ideas can be used for destination branding. But branding and marketing a destination is not an easy task. All destinations are of different shapes and sizes those are influenced by a distance of political environment so, it makes down the decision making for marketers of that destinations and it makes low creativity in market place. (Caldwell Freire konecnik (2004), Morgan et al. (2002, 2003) and white (2004)). If the brand is properly identified and marketed with good creativity it will be on good position in competitive market. An advertisement in many regions of world is done through news paper but in some many different regions or parts of world the communication is important and is required on highly basis for highly educated and increasingly sophisticated clientele. The use of Web, blogs, online social networking like facebook and twitter is increased but the high percentage on marketing budget is spent on print based media like brochures and leaflets (Dore and Crouch 2003; Foley and Fahy 2004). The channel and cyberspace are closely related with each other as they are most important factor for tourism marketing and for distributing of the ideas or creativity of marketers of that destination. In consolidation factor we can take an example of Thomas cook there is a significant increase in recent years across the globe. This is strongly affected to tourism industry by the means of travel in form of airlines, hospitality in largely international and local groups, money exchange, etc. One means of marketing where corporate or marketers come face to face for collaboration within or among destinations. Customers can be from same region or from all over the globe with different religions and language like British, Indian, French, Chinese, etc. and they can be also of different age groups. (Progress in tourism marketing by M Kozak and L Andreu 2006) http://books.google.com/books?id=Uij4AdXkBqACpg=PA83dq=framework+for+15cs+in+tourismhl=enei=ADwXTZicJsOChQeNsKG4Dgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=true Case study:- The case study involves the beautiful tourist destination Dubai it is a modern city at southern shore and other sides covered by desert it is also known as a one of seven states which comprise United Arab Emirates. In 1830 it was a fishing and pearling port and it was taken over by the maktoum branch of the bani yas tribe who still rules dubai, due to port it makes attractive to traders and developed a center for regional commerce and it also become a part of trucial states with Britain. In 1972 it quitted and joined to united Arab emirate. In 1990 the Dubai population was 80,000 and by 1992 it increases by 529,000 here many of them are attracted for Dubai safe and financially flourishing environment. Dubai is well known for its oil resource but it is finite and it is a main resource that gives an income to the country which will help to develop tourism industry. Dubai gives many facilities and has many attractions to attract tourist. Dubai is famous for its Arabic life, safe environ ment, good international hotels, night life, grass golf course in dessert, warm seas, etc. it is also famous for its shopping festivals and great malls to do tax free shopping. Some of the newest attractions that Dubai had made one of the finest 5 star luxurious hotels and the world first seven star Hotel Burj-al-Arab then palms Jumeirah Island, etc. as dubai become one of the fastest growing tourist destination. (Tourist destination management-issues, analysis and policies by eric laws-1995) Sharpley, R 2008, Planning for Tourism: The Case of Dubai, Tourism and Hospitality: Planning Development, 5, 1, pp. 13-30, E-Journals, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 January 2011. http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?hid=12sid=fdaadb41-b7ea-4df7-b79a-ea642ddb773e%40sessionmgr10vid=8 Dubai culture is strongly rooted in Islamic traditions of Arabia. Islam is bigger than just a religion because it is a way of life which goes on in everyday events that what to wear and what to eat and drink. So, the culture is closely related with its religion. Islamic fundamentalism is on the leading place in media and it makes other peoples of world to adopt it, then also Dubai welcomes foreigners and they can be free with their own religion. The alcohol is served in hotels and dress codes are normal as per the peoples tradition. Dubai culture gives warmth and friendliness welcome to its tourist. Due to negative view of Islam it affect many Muslims living abroad but in Dubai all religion people leave together and work together like Muslims, Hindus, Christians, etc. and there are also different languages like English, Urdu, and Hindi approx this Arabic is main language but it is spoken as on official business purposes and English can be heard everywhere. Due to the rapid developmen t in recent years the life is changed because of increased different cultures and material goods so the Dubai rulers are keen to promote their tradition and cultural activities and also sporting events. (The lonely planet guide-Dubai by Terry Carter Lara Dunston- 2006) http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QscSeQp8hxMCpg=PA11dq=dubai+culturehl=enei=ZaAgTYONE8mFhQfkzKG3Dgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=1sqi=2ved=0CCkQ6wEwAA#v=onepageq=dubai%20culturef=false (Dubai: the complete residents guide by Explorer publishing Distribution- 2006) http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II2bdl4gcIMCpg=PA25dq=dubai+culturehl=enei=ZaAgTYONE8mFhQfkzKG3Dgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=8sqi=2ved=0CEwQ6wEwBw#v=onepageq=dubai%20culturef=false As Dubai is oil based state in UAE 1950 it was just like a village on seashore but by 1994 it gets developed to a city, it is developed by its own resources like oil. The hotel named Burj al Arab becomes a dream logo of Dubai even if guest does not stay in that hotel for a night the hotel can pay for itself. But Dubai has diversified its economy to tourism because of the reduction in economic dependence due to diminishing in amount of oil. Sharpley, R 2008, Planning for Tourism: The Case of Dubai, Tourism Hospitality: Planning Development, 5, 1, pp. 13-30, Hospitality Tourism Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 January 2011. http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?hid=114sid=90099d0a-9de1-4ecb-bd34-c9a388aad85a%40sessionmgr114vid=3bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=hjhAN=31373124 (Tourism destination management-issues, analysis and policies by Eric Laws-1995) For development there will be consolidation between real estate firms and banks. In recent time Dubai Aluminium Company limited has been sponsoring ladies masters golf tournament from past three years at emirates golf club. Another consolidation is done to develop property market in Dubai the two organizations as Emaar properties PJSC and Dubai holding commercial operation group (DHCOG) are merged with each other. This is for residential property and land, some of the major property works will be for Dubai Metro (public transportation) and Burj Dubai (The world tallest skyscraper). Dubai 2008, Dubai banks, property firms seen consolidating, TradeArabia (Manama, Bahrain), 24 December, NewsBank, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 January 2011. http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?hid=114sid=90099d0a-9de1-4ecb-bd34-c9a388aad85a%40sessionmgr114vid=7bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=edsnbkAN=127B89592871B2E0 Excellent forum for consolidating partnerships, 2009, Gulf News (Dubai, United Arab Emirates), 11 December, NewsBank, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 January 2011. http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?hid=114sid=90099d0a-9de1-4ecb-bd34-c9a388aad85a%40sessionmgr114vid=10bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=edsnbkAN=12C87F17162A0E98 Sinnock, B 2009, Consolidation to Shape Dubai Residential Markets Future, National Mortgage News, 33, 43, p. 11, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 January 2011. http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?hid=114sid=90099d0a-9de1-4ecb-bd34-c9a388aad85a%40sessionmgr114vid=15bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=bthAN=43690269 UAE tourism authorities are working out for the development of the tourism with the help of collaborations with other countries like Singapore. Clarence Michael In, D 2006, Spore explores tourism cooperation with UAE; Officials looking at developing joint marketing, Business Times, The (Singapore), 27 February, NewsBank, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 January 2011. http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?hid=114sid=f1a36d1c-8e70-4441-af0a-d154ed6e18f3%40sessionmgr104vid=36bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=edsnbkAN=11008F1046F645B8 the world first hotel developed by Armani hotels and resorts is under the collaboration with Dubai developer Emaar properties and as opened it in the tallest building the burj khalifa. Dubai 2010, Armani hotel opens in Burj Khalifa, TradeArabia (Manama, Bahrain), 27 April, NewsBank, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 January 2011. http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?hid=114sid=f1a36d1c-8e70-4441-af0a-d154ed6e18f3%40sessionmgr104vid=38bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=edsnbkAN=12F7F251D2802520 Dubai tourism and commerce marketing company (DTCM) has collaborated with five major companies like Virgin Holidays Ltd., Gold Medal, Lastminute.com, Hayes and Jarvis, and Emirates Tours for attracting families and childrens. They also go for creativity to attract childrens by Dubai aquarium and underwater zoo, SEGA republic, free entry to Aquaventure, Lost chambers and Dolphin Bay. Dubai is affordable for families 2009, Travel Weekly (UK), p. 8, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 January 2011. http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?hid=114sid=90099d0a-9de1-4ecb-bd34-c9a388aad85a%40sessionmgr114vid=23bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=bthAN=43583422 Dubai in a different way is focusing on the creativity by commodifying land and water into artificial islands creating an attraction to the tourist, gulf emirate of Dubai is planning to construct Third Island in a shape of palm. Dubai to build third Palm Island, 2004, Agence France-Presse, 5 October, NewsBank Archives, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 January 2011. http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?hid=114sid=f1a36d1c-8e70-4441-af0a-d154ed6e18f3%40sessionmgr104vid=48bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=edsnbaAN=1058F077C4FE6DB0 In the growing competitive world Gulf States are also competing for the growing international tourism and travel market their major competitors are South East Asia and Singapore and Europe also plays a major role in the competition. (World geography of travel and tourism: a regional approach by Alen Lew, C. Michael Hall, Dallen J, Timothy-2008) http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BBa_LZhCPYoCpg=PA163dq=dubai+competitors+in+tourismhl=enei=Y00hTdihD4GKhQfDxq23Dgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepageqf=false Dubai has started to work a lot for the promotion of tourism now it gets teamed up with Microsoft digital solution to create its own site and also online ads on MSN Dubai Tourism runs digital ads on MSN to break stereotypes 2007, New Media Age, pp. 7-07, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 January 2011. http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?hid=114sid=90099d0a-9de1-4ecb-bd34-c9a388aad85a%40sessionmgr114vid=25bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=bthAN=25325976 In the fast moving world Dubai as also get into cyberspace by creating its own official tourism site as www.dubaitourism.ae with SCOTT, P 2007, Site seeing, Sunday Mail (Adelaide, Australia), 8 July, NewsBank, EBSCOhost, viewed 3 January 2011. http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?hid=114sid=90099d0a-9de1-4ecb-bd34-c9a388aad85a%40sessionmgr114vid=30bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=edsnbkAN=11A441E9F2113320

Importance of Recycling at the University Essay example -- Environment

Importance of Recycling at the University I remember my first semester here at the University and the dark halls of the Bates House Residence Hall. Many a party was concluded with an idea for what to do with the endless piles of cans that had congregated on the floor. One idea, I remember, was to wall someone into his room and another was to see how many we could stand on end without toppling. But, we usually just ended up throwing them in the trashcans in our refuse room. Sometimes out of the five trashcans in the room set aside for trash disposal, three or four would be completely filled with hundreds of cans of various beverages. Upon further contemplation, I can also remember the small, blue bucket that was thrown haphazardly on my bed that first day. Even though it was quite clear that this basket was for the purpose of recycling, because of the triple arrow symbol that was so prominently placed on the front, I perceived it as a great trash can, since I had forgotten to bring one. Over the course of that sem ester it is hard to say just how many cans I threw out or saw inadvertently strewn around the parking lot like a million glittering coins in the afternoon sunshine. However, one thing I can say is that with the proper methods the University could inspire students like me to help keep clean the environment as well as make the money back that is needed to keep the project successful. The University should reconsider the methods by which its current recycling program can be improved. With the proper improvements the University can increase student awareness about the problems with pollution, increase the amount of income that is reimbursed through the system, and keep its impact on the overall environment... ... known and easily accessible, such as in the study areas of each hall, the idea will appeal to many more people than if the bins are only placed on the ground level. Even though some people may not contribute very much or at all, the number of students who jump on the idea to have a free party or other rewarding prize will make the number of dissenters obsolete. This is my plan for the continued and, ultimately, future success of the recycling program here at USC. As a freshman, I jump on every opportunity to get something free that I come across, and if it were as easy as throwing the can down my hall as opposed to on my floor I would be all for it. Who can deny that my fellow freshmen do not feel the same? The long lines at the numerous tables in front of Russell House serve as an example that when offered a free carrot, a smart bunny cannot decline.

Prenatal Development Essay

Pregnancy occurs when an egg is fertilized by a sperm,and the egg grows inside a woman’s uterus also called a woman’s womb, and will develop into a baby. In humans, this process takes about 264 days, but the obstetrician will date from the last menstrual period or 280 days which is 40 weeks. There are a number of things that must fall into place in the right order to become pregnant and have a baby. The creation of a human being requires the right environment, the right timing, the right factors, and a great deal of luck. The term intra-uterine pregnancy is used to describe when a fertilized egg is implanted in the uterus and an embryo grows. The length of time of a pregnancy is divided into three sections called trimesters or stages, which is about three months each. Each trimester has particular events and developmental markers. The first trimester or builds the foundation of the different organ systems. The first trimester or stage is the germinal period or the zygotic period. It is the first two weeks of prenatal development. Near the end of the two weeks the single-celled a zygot, developes into a cluster of cells called the embryo. The second stage or trimester is called the embryonic period, which is week three through week eight. In the first month the embryo is usually 1/8th of an inch or . 275 cm long. I weighs about 3 grams. A yolk sac has already formed at this stage. Organs and major systems within the body of the embryo forms during this period. The embryo’s lifeline is the umbilical cord, which provide the embryo nourishment, oxygen, and water from the mother. The umbilical cord also carries away waste. The placenta is also developed, protecting the embryo, by keeping the mother’s blood from mingling with the developing embryo. It also protects the embryo by preventing harmful substances in the mother’s blood from reaching the embryo, such as teratogens. Teratogens are harmful substances that can cause birth defects. By three weeks the baby’s brain cells have started to form, creating a sheet of neural cells that curls and forms a neural tube lined with stem cells. At the top of the neural tube forms a bulge which later consists of the hind brain, mid brain, and fore brain. When the neural tube expands, it creates ventricals and the core of the brain. Ventricals that are filled with ceobraspinal fluid cushions the brain and also provides nutrients to the brain and spinal cord. In the second month, It is about an inch or 2. 5 cm long. It is 8. 7 grams heavy. The head, tail and the umbilical cord are formed and the sex glands are determined. The limbs, toes, fingers, the skeleton and bone cells have also been formed at this stage. A distinctively human appearance develops. Facial features, the main organ systems also take shape. By the end of the eighth week, the structures of the brain, heart, liver, limbs, ears, nose and eyes evolve. This is a most critical period of development. Harmful medications, drugs and alcohol may disturb the processes of development and cause defects or snags in the embryo. The fetal period or trimester is the third month to actual birth of the baby. At this stage the baby is called the fetus with distinctively human features. At the end of the third month the baby can move its arms, legs, mouth and head, although at this moment of time, the movements are uncoordinated and cannot be felt by the mother. The fetus is now one to three inches long and weighs roughly an ounce. The baby can also start using reflexive responses . During the fourth month the mother can feel quickening, which is the baby moving inside the uterus. At five months all brain cells of the baby for birth are developed. During this period the baby has sleep and wake cycles. In the sixth month the fetus’s brain activity is similar to that of a newborn baby. The final two months the fetus usually doubles in weight. The fetus will usually add onabout three to four pounds of body fat. This additional body fat will help the newborn baby adjust to different temperatures outside the womb. The closer to birth, the fetus’s growth slows and the actions of the body systems become more regular. At about forty weeks or 280 days, the fetus is ready to emerge in the world. At birth a baby’s brain is only one forth the size of an adult’s brain. The brain will weight at birth less than a pound. After a baby is born the neurons grow in size and continue to develop. A newborn enters the world with a array of physical and sensory capabilities. In the beginning right at birth a baby’s behavior is mostly reflex moves that are to enable his survival in the new world. In conclusion, a baby is a very precious and wonder gift that some women are blessed with. It is very mportant for a new expectant mother to understand the stages of pregnancy. A new mother should research and read all that she can read to gain knowledge of what is going to happen in the months to come. The more knowledge a new mother has is very beneficial for her well being and also to interact with her physician about symptoms and problems if any arise.

A Critique of the Qualitative Research Essay

Beatrice J. Kalisch, PhD, RN, FAAN, reports her qualitative study â€Å"Missed Nursing Care† on medical-surgical units in the Journal of Nursing Care Quality. In the article, † Nursing Care: A Qualitative Study,† the researcher helps us understand what nursing care regularly missed on medical-surgical unit and what are the reasons nursing staff give for not completing these aspects of care. The reader will examine her use of grounded theory qualitative research method based on the guidelines provided by Geri LoBiondo-Wood and Judith Haber (2014). This research report will be analyzed using the criteria found in the Critiquing Criteria box on p. 135-136 in Nursing Research: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice. Statement of the Phenomenon of Interest In Research: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice, the authors define phenomena as those things that are perceived by our senses (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014). The research clearly states the phenomenon of internet in the introduction, â€Å"†¦specific aspects of nursing care missed routinely and nursing staff reasons why these elements of care are prioritized as less important than others† (Kalisch, 2006, p. 306). Beatrice Kalisch (2006) used the qualitative research method because the she had to discover information about her phenomenon from nurses experiences in their medical-surgical units. Kalisch (2006) explained, â€Å"A literature search revealed a lack of studies†¦Ã¢â‚¬  about â€Å"The specific aspects of missed nursing care† and â€Å"the association between less staffing and the negative outcomes† (Kalisch, 2006, p. 306). The researcher realizes current relationship between nursing staff and poor patient outcomes. Kalisch found there was a gap and wanted to discover what â€Å"the missing nursing care† was and why it is missing. Kalisch helps her audience understand the philosophical underpinnings by explaining the utility of grounded theory in phenomenal  sense making. The authors of Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice differentiate ground theory from other qualitative research methods by stating that ground theory focus on process. The research identifies the process elements of her phenomenon rather than just describing it (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p.153). Purpose Kalisch tells the reader the purpose in her first line of her abstract which is â€Å"†¦to determine nursing care regularly missed on medical-surgical units and reason for missed care† (Kalisch, 2006, p. 306). ). Kalisch conveyed to the reader, â€Å"Ensuring quality nursing care and patient safety is a major challenge facing nurses and nurse leaders today† (Kalisch, 2006, p. 306). Thus, this research is done to discover what can change nursing practice to ensure better patient outcomes. Method The authors of Research: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice defines grounded theory as â€Å"different types of qualitative research method in that it goes beyond the traditional methods of phenomenology and ethnography, which focus on the process that is at the heart of the inquiry† (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p.154). According to Glaser and Strauss (1967), grounded theory method was â€Å"developed originally as a sociologist’s tool† and Denzin and Lincoln (1998) add â€Å"researchers†¦use the grounded theory method when they are interested in social process from the perspective of human interactions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 116). Kalisch analyzed social process among nurses who are divided by job title into focus groups. She properly use grounded theory method to discover the phenomenon and collect data for the stated purpose. However, it is unclear if the study followed the guidelines of the grounded theor y method. Sampling In Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice, LoBiondo-Wood and Haber (2014) explains â€Å"In qualitative studies, the researchers are usually looking for purposive sampling†¦a particular kind of person who can illuminate the phenomenon they want to study† (p. 100). The reader knows Kalisch (2006) purpose is about the views of nurses on medical-surgical units, and the author does interviews with â€Å"A total of 107 registered nurses, 15 licensed practical nurses, and 51 nursing assistants, working in  medical-surgical patient care units†¦Ã¢â‚¬  from two different hospitals (Kalisch, 2006, p. 306). These nurses live the experiences of â€Å"missed nursing care† and can shed light on why care is missed on medical-surgical unit; therefore, they are an appropriate sample for this phenomenon of study. However, Kalisch could made a stronger sample for the grounded theory method if she included the words â€Å"purposive sample† , explained why this group of nursing staff was chosen, and given details about the inclusion/exclusion criteria for the sample (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 100). Data Collection The description of data collection lacks details in Kalisch (2006). The reader knows the author interviewed â€Å"25 focus groups† using â€Å"semistructured design and each interview â€Å"lasted 90-120 minutes† and the interviewees â€Å"were asked to commit to confidentiality† (Kalisch, 2006, p. 306-7). The data collection did include human experience which was the nursing staff. Though the author states asking the interviewees to â€Å"commit to confidentiality†, but this is not enough to protect them from disclosure. In addition, data saturation isn’t confirmed and little known about the data collection process. The author should have stated during the interviews â€Å"nothing new is emerging† (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 101). Furthermore, the author should included clues about questions that were asked and if anything collected from the interviews focused her study. Data Analysis The author used â€Å"qualitative analysis software† to apply â€Å"a grounded theory approach by which empirical data are thematically categorized by induction† (Kalisch, 2006, p. 307). There are two analyses of the â€Å"tape-recorded, fully transcribed† interviews, and â€Å"to be included as a theme, supporting data had to be contained†¦ in all of the focus groups† (Kalisch, 2006, p. 307). The reader identifies the research to be true to data because, as the two analyses â€Å"extracted the same issues from the empirical material† (Kalischp. 307). Trustworthiness, known as rigor for qualitative research, is established through credibility, auditability, and fittingness, none of which is communicated by Kalisch (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 126). Credibility requires that the â€Å"informants recognize the experience to be their own† (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 155). The author never discussed  taking the themes obtained fro m the interviews back to the nurses to allow the interviewees the opportunity to confirm the findings. Nor does the author give any indication that enough time was allowed for full understanding of the phenomenon. Auditability requires that others, â€Å"not engaged in the research, be able to follow the auditrial of the primary researcher† (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 155). The author should have described data saturation as mentioned previously. In the data analyses section of Kalisch (2006) the author mentioned grounded theory method was used for extraction of themes from the interviews. However, the reader doesn’t know the systematic process used, if there was â€Å"open coding† and â€Å"constant comparative method† (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 117). The neglect of giving the step-by-step process inhibits the reader’s ability to follow the thinking of the researcher. Fittingness is the â€Å"criterion that provides the reader with an opportunity to determine the usefulness of the data outside of the study† (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p.156). The reader knows the author chose grounded theory method appropriately for the purpose of Kalisch (2006); however, because of missing information the reader is unsure if this is study is repeated in other hospitals or other units if the same themes would evolve (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 117-120). If the author gave the systematic process the study could be replicated. This necessary information would allow wider application to other professions. Findings The author gives great details in the findings section of Kalisch (2006) allowing the reader â€Å"to apprehend the essences of the experience† (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2010, p. 130). Use of quotes from the interviews allowed the reader to understand how the themes emerged (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2010, p. 108). The author’s conceptualizations are sincere to the findings. The â€Å"Nine elements of regularly missed nursing care†¦and 7 themes relative to the reasons for missing this care†¦Ã¢â‚¬  described in Kalisch (2006) abstract is clearly defined throughout the findings section (p. 306-310). Additionally, in the discussion section the author relates the findings to the literature review (Kalisch, 2006, p. 310-311). The author discussed how other research â€Å"corroborate[d] these findings† and â€Å"many studies have pointed to the relationship between number of patients per nurse and  negative outcomes† (Kalisch, 2006, p. 311). Conclusions, Implications, and Recommendations In the implication section, the author expresses the use of her findings to change nursing practice and â€Å"decrease the problem of missed nursing care† (Kalisch, 2006, p. 312). The author continues to maintain confidence about her findings in the conclusion, â€Å"it is clear that nurses are often distracted for care†¦and should be engaged in delegation training and performance follow-up† (Kalisch, 2006, p. 312). Yet, the author declares a need for further research because â€Å"only 2 facilities† were studied and â€Å"additional studies are needed to determine the validity of these findings† (Kalisch, 2006, p. 312). The author recommends implications for nursing practice by the details to examine this phenomenon on their unit by doing â€Å"root cause and other analyses†¦to determine the causes of the problem and strategies to address them† (Kalisch, 2006, p. 312). Plus, the author gives suggestions about â€Å"development of a tool to measure missed care† and questions to answer in future research. After scrutiny of Kalisch (2006) the reader has an understanding the author used qualitative, grounded theory method to study â€Å"missed nursing care† and â€Å"staff reasons why† they were missed. However, before application of these findings the reader should conduct more research and more analyses because Kalisch (2006) findings are not conclusive. Also, the reader would have to do more literature review or even contact author if possible to gain more knowledge about her process of sampling, collection and analyses so the study can be repeated and validity of the findings can be affirmed. References Denzin, N.K., & Lincoln, Y.S. (1998). The landscape of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Glaser, B.G., & Strauss, A.L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago, IL: Aldine. Kalisch, B.J. (2006). Missed Nursing Care: A qualitative study. Journal of nursing care quality, 21(4), 306-13. LoBiondo-Wood, G., & Haber, J. (2014). Nursing research: Methods and critical appraisal for evidence based practice (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Elsevier.